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Organizational Justice
Building relationships in an organizational environment is always fraught with difficulties due to the incongruences in the value systems of the participants. However, universal organizational values are expected to assist in creating a fair workplace for all participants, thus encouraging their motivation and engagement rates to grow. In turn, the development of turnover intention in employees needs to be seen as the key threat to the performance of an organization and its competitiveness. For this reason, exploring how organizational justice in its known forms can affect the turnover intention in staff members is needed.
Definition and Theory Development
Fair treatment of staff members and the promotion of justice at the organizational level are crucial prerequisites to effective management of organizational goals and the enhancement of a companys progress. However, the lack of a proper understanding of organizational justice often becomes a barrier to creating equity and equality in the corporate environment. Therefore, the phenomenon of organizational justice needs further scrutiny and a more accurate definition.
According to Yean and Yusof (2015), organizational justice is the fairness associated with the decision related to the distribution of resources within the organization (Yean & Yusof, 2015, p. 798). Ultimately, the concept of organizational justice is reserved for the allocation of corporate resources and their distribution among staff members. Other scholars opine that organizational justice is a subjective feeling of how employees perceive the fairness in the workplace based on their psychological level (James, 1993; Greenberg& Scott, 1996; Rubino et al., 2018). Hosmer and Kiewitz (2005) write that first and foremost, organizational justice is a behavior science concept that refers to the subjective perception of fairness. In other words, organizational justice is not based upon objective morality or recognized justice principles. Instead, it operates on individuals personal views on justice and how corporate situations need to be handled in a just and fair manner.
It appears that, in the context of the modern workplace, the idea of corporate justice needs to be stretched to include relationships between staff members and managers. Thus, the extent to which the needs of employees are met with the help of organizational justice can be evaluated. Additionally, since contemporary scholars such as James (1993), Greenberg and Scott (1996), and Rubino et al. (2018) point out the subjectivity of organizational justice, it only makes sense to examine the issue through first-hand experiences of employees.
Structure and Dimensions
Notably, the concept of organizational justice is usually split into several categories that allow differentiating between the circumstances in which the said justice is served. Specifically, justice in distributing corporate resources, ensuring compliance with workplace standards, and managing conflicts is typically separated into the appropriate categories. It is believed that the specified paradigm allows meeting the principles of organizational justice closer, which, in turn, increases the levels of employee retention within a company (Sokhanvar, Hasanpoor, Hajihashemi, & Kakemam, 2016). Namely, by ensuring justice on the described levels, a manager can foster loyalty and commitment in staff members, which, in turn, serve as the tools for keeping staff members within an organization.
Distributive Justice
The concept of distributive justice is quite self-explanatory since it suggests that organizational resources should be arranged in the way that leaves all parties satisfied (Akram, Lei, Haider, Hussain, & Puig, 2017). However, attaining the goal of redistributing organizational resources is likely to entail significant challenges for company members due to the issues that a shift in financial strategy and structure of an organization causes.
One of the classic theories addressing the issue of distributive justice is Adams (1963) equity theory. Developed by a workplace and behavioral psychologist, equity theory seeks to determine whether the distribution of resources is fair for all relational parties (Adams, 1963). The crux of Adams theory hinged on the assumption that individuals compare their input and work outcomes and those of others (Adams, 1963). If they notice injustice, they strive to restore balance, which does not always happen in constructive ways. Simply put, employees feel neglected and demotivated if they realize that the output does not match the input (Adams, 1963). Both input and output can be rationalized in various ways. Employees contribute with their effort, skills, loyalty, and enthusiasm, and they expect remuneration, praise, recognition, reputation, and other forms of reward in return.
Procedural Justice
Another critical aspect of a companys functioning in the global market, the receives very little support as one of the critical components of the performance management process, the distributive justice implies that the management of corporate resources needs to be shaped on the idea of using the existing frameworks for measurement to identifying the required size and shape. The concept of procedural justice was introduced by Folger and Greenberg (1985) as an alternative and addition to the predominant distributive justice framework in the field of workplace psychology. Folger and Greenberg (1985) challenged the superiority of outcome: the scholars argued that in reality, workers were concerned not only with the ultimate decision but also with how it was made. For instance, in the case of a promotion or a pay rise, employees would often want to know who decided on that and on what grounds. In summation, the domain of procedural justice overviews questions of allocation process as opposed to allocation outcomes.
The perception of procedural justice comes down not only to the individual and his or her unique characteristics but also to their cultural background that might play the decisive role in their views on organizational justice. In their work, Tata, Fu, and Wu (2003) compared and contrasted Chinese and American (US) employees perception of procedural justice across various subscales and dimensions. The dimensions of national culture included uncertainty avoidance, societal emphasis on collectivism, and gender egalitarianism) whereas the three principles of procedural justice entailed consistency, social sensitivity, and account-giving. Tata et al. (2003) discovered that the cultural factor impacted what people considered to be fair and just. Among the most interesting findings is the fact that Chinese respondents found social sensitivity as fair while individualistic Americans did not share the same sentiment.
Such findings raise a logical question as to whether Western notions of organizational justice (and as this section demonstrates the overwhelming majority of organizational justice scholars are from the West) hold true for China. Sun et al. (2017) tested Tylers process-based model of policing that suggests that police legitimacy is grounded in distributive and procedural justice as well as police effectiveness. It is suggested that police legitimacy positively influences police cooperation, which is a prerequisite of a well-functioning society or an organization, on a smaller scale. The findings of the study revealed that the process-based policing had a significant support base in China. In particular, procedural justice was the strongest predictor of police legitimacy.
However, interestingly enough, when surveying Chinese employees, Pillai, Williams, and Tan (2001) have found that they were preferring distributive justice to procedural, which differentiates China from other countries analyzed for the study. All the countries demonstrated a strong relationship between trust and the perception of organizational justice (PIllai et al., 2001). However, Chinese employees were more in favor of distributive justice which was explained by their preference for short-term benefits as opposed to procedural justice that often yields long-term benefits.
Interactional Justice
Finally, the interactional justice needs to be brought up as one of the pillars of managing intersectional crimes and the issues emerging in tending to the needs of vulnerable groups. Interactional justice suggests implementing social justice on an interpersonal level. Akin to procedural and distributive justice, interactional justice impacts employees perceptions of systemic justice. If distributive justice deals with the result and procedural with the process, interactional justice deals with the manner of how justice is served in an organization (Greenberg, 1993). In other words, interactional justice focuses on the kind of treatment that employees receive while organization procedures are reinforced and maintained (Bies & Moag, 1986; Greenberg, 1993). Scholars that put forward the concept of interactional justice opine that the style in which employees are treated should be respectful and dignified.
Beugre (1996), Cropanzano et al. (2002), and Greenberg (1997) report that failure to execute justice results in theft, workplace aggression, and retaliation. These antisocial behaviors are often triggered by the insensitive, disrespectful treatment at the hand of top managers and employers. A study by Mikula, Petrik, and Tanzer (1990) showed that oftentimes, individuals are even more attentive to interactional as opposed to distributive and procedural justice. The survey revealed that participants accounts of injustice often referred to the manner in which they were treated in interpersonal interactions. Mikula et al. (1990) report participants disappointment with impolite, insensitive, and inconsiderate treatment as well as the demonstration of a lack of loyalty and integrity. To sum up, interactional justice is as important as the other two dimensions; it influences how people perceive organizational justice on the whole.
Relationships between various dimensions
It is also worth noting that there are several dimensions through which the issue at hand can be viewed. Specifically, it can be examined through the lens of the two- and three-dimensional viewpoints.
Two-dimensional view
The two-dimensional conceptualization of organizational justice may lack additional insight, yet it helps to focus on specific issues without introducing various distractions. Namely, the combination of distributive and procedural justice types has helped to ensure compliance with the existing standards and promote equality across a company (Akram et al., 2017).
Three-dimensional view
Given the flawless implementation of the two-dimensional model, one might think that the introduction of the third dimension into the analysis may have obscured the process of implementing organizational justice properly. However, with the advent of a new model of communication, where intersectionality and diversity become the center of attention, the need for the third dimension has emerged. Namely, the focus on interactions, specifically, communication in a diverse environment and the management of interpersonal dialogue has shaped the discourse surrounding the organizational justice notion (Akram et al., 2017). Thus, the inclusion of the three-dimensional view has been necessitated by the change toward the focus on communication and experience sharing in the context of the modern business environment.
Turnover Intention
Although workforce used to be seen as one of the most disposable elements of a companys assets, nowadays, it is typically seen as by far the most valuable resource that a company can have. Therefore, the attitudes toward building relationships with staff members have changed drastically as the focus quickly shifted toward building long-lasting connections with employees. Thus, it has become important to ensure that staff members do not contemplate leaving the organization, hence the significance of evaluating their turnover intention.
Definition
As its name suggests, turnover intention is the final cognitive decision making process before an employee decides to leave a job (Lim, Loo and Lee, 2017, p. 28). There should be a distinction between turnover and turnover intention. Liu, Liu, and Hu (2010) point out that turnover intention signifies an individuals behavioral attitude to withdraw from an organization while turnover is the act of separation itself. Wong, Ngo, and Wong (2002) define turnover intention as a combination of both thinking and planning ones leave from an organization. The turnover intention might or might not result in an actual decision to quit.
The proposed definition is slightly narrower than the broad idea of contemplating leaving the job, in general. As a result of the identified specification, one can measure the threat of change in employee turnover rates more accurately. However, other approaches toward defining the concept of turnover intention have been suggested. Despite the fact that all of the definitions provided above tend to purport the same idea, they are still very helpful for the research since they provide insights into the factors that cause employee turnover rates to change. Nevertheless, to determine the actual factors that incline staff members to leave their organizations, several specific models have been built. These models allow drawing connections between the key factors that affect the changes in organizational justice and employee turnover.
Prices Theoretical Model of Voluntary Turnover
The Casual Model of Voluntary Turnover (CMVT) suggested by James L. Price offers a unique way of looking at the factors that drive employees decisions to quit their jobs (see Image 1,2). The specified model has been credited as one of the three major theoretical frameworks for explaining the turnover phenomenon (Cho, Lee, & Kim, 2019). The other two are the frameworks by Mowday and Mobley (Cho et al., 2019). However, Prices model seems to be by far the most comprehensive and well-rounded of all three. The framework introduces key determinants of employees decision to leave, thus defining the probability of a turnover (Cho et al., 2019).
According to Price, the change in turnover rates is defined by four core factors. Namely, payment, communication, centralization, and job satisfaction influence the levels of turnover in a workplace (Cho et al., 2019). According to the model, the first three factors determine the extent of job satisfaction, which, when reaching a specific limit, affects an employees decision to leave (Cho et al., 2019). Thus, Prices model offers a slightly simplistic but generally correct interpretation of turnover as a phenomenon.
However, even Prices model could not possibly take every factor affecting the changes in turnover rates into account. Moreover, with the emergence of innovations, especially those in the communication field, new factors affecting turnover rates develop. Therefore, it is worth considering the factors influencing the levels of turnover in modern companies separately. Thus, one will have a better insight into how employee retention rates can increase.
Influencing Factors
As emphasized above, the lack of financial motivation and especially incongruences between the amount or quality of work performed and the reward received for it are the main factors defining employee turnover. Studies show that low compensation is not necessarily a factor for young professionals that are only starting to build their career, yet it is crucial for the employees that have already gained experience in their field (Lim et al., 2017). Therefore, organizations need to consider introducing appropriate compensation to staff members to ensure that they do not leave for jobs that pay higher. The compensation issue involves not only salaries set at a proper level but also other benefits, such as paid sick leave, maternity leave, medical benefits, and other types of financial support.
The issue of insurance plays a particularly important role in determining the extent of employee turnover. Studies show that staff members are less likely to leave the workplace environments with better health insurance options (Kerse & Babada , 2018). Therefore, it is essential to ensure that employees receive high-quality options for addressing their health issues. Overall, the compensation factor is by far one of the most important ones in an employees decision to resign.
The level of workload and, therefore, the specifics of work-life balance is another important contributor to employees willingness to quit their current job. The specified issue is of particular importance to jobs that imply higher levels of stress and psychological, as well as physical, exhaustion. For instance, in nurses, the threat of a workplace burnout has been extraordinarily high for the past few years (Haghighinezhad, Atashzadeh-Shoorideh, Ashktorab, Mohtashami, & Barkhordari-Sharifabad, 2019). With the current pandemic of coronavirus, the levels of workplace burnout have increased exponentially, causing the workplace conditions to become unbearable for a number of nurses (Haghighinezhad et al., 2019). As a result, many staff members choose to resign, increasing employee turnover rates in their respective places of work (Haghighinezhad et al., 2019). The scenario described above proves that the factors affecting turnover rats are not necessarily under the control of managers and workplace leaders all the time. Specifically, in the case with coronavirus, the low staffing rates along with the rapid rise in the number of patients made the workload and the subsequent burnout to skyrocket, hence the increase in employee turnover (Lim et al., 2017). Similarly, the problem of overscheduling, to which a rise in employee turnover is often attributed, is not necessarily under the control of managers (Haghighinezhad et al., 2019).
However, a significant number of factors that lead to higher employee turnover rates and the development of turnover intentions within staff members can, in fact, be controlled by their organizations. For example, the lack of organizational justice is one of the key contributors to turnover rates increase (Kerse & Babada , 2018). Specifically, studies show that the development of nepotism in an organization is likely to lead to an increase in turnover intention rates (Haghighinezhad et al., 2019). According to the definition provided by Kerse and Babada (2018), nepotism is actual or perceived preferences granted to a family member by another family member (p. 632).
However, even when family members are not involved, preferences for some staff members in the workplace environment will discourage others and create an unhealthy environment, causing an increase in turnover intentions. Known as favoritism, the act of offering jobs, contracts and resources to members of ones own social group in preference to others who are outside the group is an admittedly unfair strategy that will rightfully result in an increased turnover rate when applied in organizational setting (Bramoullé & Goyal, 2016, p. 17).
The reasonable question arises as to whether organizational justice could help with mitigating the effects of job burnout or eliminate the trend altogether. Jin et al. (2015) inquired about the relationship, motivated by not only the lack but also ongoing loss of excellent medical cadres in Mainland China. The scholars admit that job burnout is a complex phenomenon whose origin and occurrence cannot be attributed strictly to one cause. In Mainland China, the possible contributing factors are a relatively low remuneration, unhealthy relationships between patients and doctors, external pressure and poor management. Jin et al. (2015) opine that it is reasonable to concentrate on and pay special attention to organizational justice because it is one of the few factors that hospitals can gain control over. After surveying 135 medical interns, Jin et al. (2015) concluded that organizational justice was negatively correlated with job burnout. In other words, the more fair medical interns perceived the organization they were working in, the less likely they were to be pushed to the verge of burnout.
Another field of occupation that Chinese researchers have been taking interest recently is correctional organizations. Lambert et al. (2018) explain that positive work attitudes, which is moderated by the lack of job burnout, result in employees better compliance with rules, proactive behavior, and increased support for rehabilitation of offenders. Lambert et al. (2018) surveyed the employees of 352 correctional facilities in Mainland China and found that organizational justice had a favorable effect on their work attitudes. However, interestingly enough, distributive justice had a more pronounced negative correlation with job burnout that procedural. This peculiarity makes Mainland China different from the United States where the concepts of justice originally stem from.
Organizational Justice and Turnover Intention
It is believed that the willingness of staff members to quit their current job is linked not only to the lack of organizational justice, as a whole, but also due to the absence of certain aspects thereof from the workplace environment. Therefore, different forms of organizational justice will have to be considered.
Distributive Justice and Turnover Intention
The distribution of organizational resources needs to be performed in the way that allows a company to benefit in the target setting. At the same time, it is crucial to distribute the said resources in accordance with the principles of equality and equity. Otherwise, the basic principles of organizational justice will be disrupted, which will make staff members feel economically insecure and, possibly, undervalued in the company (Lim et al., 2017). Therefore, the turnover intention is likely to grow with the drop in the distributive justice within the corporate setting. Nevertheless, exploring the correlation between the two factors mentioned above in greater detail is necessary. Thus, one will be able to grasp the nuances of the correlation between different types of organizational justice and the levels of employee turnover intention.
Procedural Justice and Turnover Intention
The concept of procedural justice is fairly simple as it revolves around the reward that employees receive for their performance. The specified definition has been provided by Tourani et al. (2016) implies that employees; enthusiasm and, therefore, their turnover intention rates hinge on the extent to which procedural justice is followed in the workplace.
Disproportional rewards for job performance not only reduce the levels of employees motivation but also introduce confusion into their understanding of organizational values, studies warn. In the context of the Chinese organizational environment, the lack of procedural justice often sends staff members mixed signals about the behaviors that are deemed as positive and negative respectively, research warns (Jiang, Gollan, & Brooks, 2017). As a result, staff members tend to resign and seek other workplace environments, which suggests that the absence of procedural justice leads to a higher turnover intention.
Interactional Justice and Turnover Intention
The factors of nepotism and favoritism gain especial weight in discussing the issues of interactional justice and turnover intention. Kerse and Babada (2018) argue that the introduction of nepotism into the workplace setting affects staff members motivation extensively. Specifically, nepotism in a company leads to employees losing their enthusiasm and loyalty for the company, as the example of the Chinese business environment shows (Jiang et al., 2017). Specifically, nepotism has been deeply engrained into the Chinese business culture due to the centuries of viewing it as an essential part of the Chinese legacy (Jiang et al., 2017). Consequently, even with the recent attempts at addressing the problem of nepotism in the workplace, it still persists in the Chinese business culture (Jiang et al., 2017).
As a result, staff members decide to leave since they see no prospects for professional growth in a nepotism-driven environment (Tourani et al., 2016). Therefore, the development of nepotism and favoritism in the corporate setting reduces the levels of interactional justice and affects turnover rates drastically. The negative impact that a company suffers as a result of nepotism and favoritism is huge since it is drained of its main assets. Likewise, interactional justice is reduced significantly with the introduction of favoritism into the corporate environment. Having a similar effect on staff members, favoritism indicates that interactional justice is no longer the priority for a company. The resulting drop in retention rates and an increase in turnover rates shows that interactional justice has a direct effect on these metrics.
Therefore, organizational justice or, as the review provided above has shown, the lack of it has a direct influence on the levels of turnover intentions within a company. Although the phenomenon of organizational justice exists at several levels, even minor issues with at least one of its aspects inhibit employees enthusiasm and engagement. As the levels of organizational justice diminish, employees engagement and enthusiasm fades away, whereas their dissatisfaction grows. As the levels of dissatisfaction reach the boiling point, staff members start to consider resignation, which leads to higher turnover intentions and, thus poorer performance.
Job Burnout: as the Mediator / The role (impact) of Job Burnout
As emphasized above, workplace burnout as the effect of a drastic increase in workload and the creation of impossible workplace conditions also leads to a rise in turnover rates.
Definition and Measurement
The phenomenon of a job burnout, also known as the workplace burnout, is quite self-explanatory. Implying the development of fatigue and the loss of enthusiasm toward professional responsibilities, job burnout is quite frequent in the settings of high workload and emotional strain. McFadden and Altamirano (2020) define workplace burnout as a syndrome conceptualized as a result of chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed (p. 45). Remarkably, the authors specify that high workload typically becomes the main factor in the increase in workplace burnout rates in staff members.
Overall, workplace burnout has an immediate effect on employees perception of their job. Since the rise in the workload does not allow maintaining the same degree of care and attention to detail, staff members tend to replace swell thought-out actions with mechanical performance, causing the rise in workplace errors (McFadden & Altamirano, 2020). Moreover, the specified changes in the attitude toward workplace responsibilities reduces the latters value in the eyes of staff members. As a result, employees lose their motivation, starting to consider resigning (McFadden & Altamirano, 2020). Consequently, turnover intentions rise with the increase in job burnout rates.
The relationship between job burnout and turnover intention is discussed in recent empirical works by Chinese scholars. For instance, Zhang and Feng (2011) conducted a cross-sectional study among 1451 physicians in state hospitals in Hubei, China. The scholars confirmed their hypothesis: the studys findings revealed that turnover intention was positively related to each subscale of job burnout used for research. Zhang and Feng (2011) concluded that job burnout had a mediatory effect on physicians turnover intention, especially particular subscales of burnout syndrome such as emotional exhaustion.
In a more recent study, Liu et al. (2018) addressed the same problem experienced by the Chinese medical workforce. Liu et al. (2018) surveyed a total of 1770 nurses from nine public tertiary hospitals in four provinces located in Beijing, Heilongjiang, Anhui, and Shaanxi. The researchers discovered that burnout was positively correlated with turnover intention: in other words, those nurses who were suffering from burnout syndrome were more likely to contemplate quitting their jobs. At that, as noted by Liu et al. (2018), organizational support played a mediating role between burnout and turnover rate. The studys implications hinted at the importance of a reasonable incentive system for turnover prevention.
The extent of workplace burnout can be measured by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The specified test allows singling out the factors that are likely to cause a rise in the levels of workplace burnout and, thus, inform the further actions to be taken to address the problem of the burnout. Thus, not only the factors such as emotional exhaustion and the rise in workload but also the ones such as depersonalization items can be isolated and influenced in order to reduce the levels of stress experienced by employees.
Thus, as the mediator, workplace burnout links the factor affecting employees physical and mental well-being to their intention to leave. As a result, the turnover intent increases once managers fail to regulate the extent of the workload and create the environment in which burnout thrives. The following failure to acknowledge and address the problem, such as the attempt at changing the schedule and expanding the number of employees, will immediately lead to a rise in turnout intent and its levels, leaving an organization without its most valuable resource.
Outcome Variables
The main outcome variables associate with job burnout rates as the mediator for the turnover intention include the extent of the workload, the levels of staffing within a company, and the strategy that the organization uses to manage its workforce. By extension, the factors such as the corporate philosophy on which its HRM strategy is based also affect the situation since they inform managers decisions. However, in the grand scheme of events, what defines the outcome for the most part is the companys ability to recognize its staff as its most valuable resource. The application of an effective talent management strategy and the assessment of the factors reducing employee satisfaction are the crucial strategies for reducing turnover intent in staff members.
Influencing Factors
Presently, the main influencing factors contributing to the rise in the job burnout rates along with the drop in organizational justice and the increase in the turnover intention include uneven distribution of workload, unequal pay, and overall low levels of workplace compensation.
Power Distance: as the Moderator/ The Role (Impact) of Power Distance
Power distance has a direct effect on job satisfaction rates, as a recent study shows (Diehl, Richter, & Sarnecki, 2018). Since job satisfaction is intrinsically connected to the turnover intention., it will be reasonable to say that power distance also defines the specified variable significantly (Diehl et al., 2018). The research results indicate that power distance, in fact, can shape the levels of organizational justice and the ways in which it is executed (Diehl et al., 2018). As a result, power distance has an indirect yet very powerful effect on turnover intention in staff members. The concept of power dist
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