Comparison of Marburg Virus and Ebola Virus

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Comparison of Marburg Virus and Ebola Virus

Introduction

Ebola and Marburg virus are very deadly viruses that result in significant outbreaks with high fatalities. These viruses have been underestimated in the current society because their outbreaks have been experienced in a few parts of the world. However, the number of fatalities experienced by those areas is very high. The aim of the study is to note the two viruses and incorporate further research to identify possible measures to prevent an outbreak. The purpose of the study is to prepare the public to recognize the symptoms whenever there is an outbreak so that containment measures can be taken to avoid the further spread of the disease.

Ebola virus was first reported in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Sudan. Since 2000, the number of cases of the Ebola virus in Africa has significantly increased, making it among major viruses in Africa (Singh et al., 2017). Marburg virus was first reported in 1967 in Serbia, Belgrade, and Germany (Peterson & Samy, 2016; Selvaraj et al., 2018; Ndjoyi-Mbiguino et al., 2020). In Africa, the first case was reported in Uganda, which resulted from human contact with imported green monkeys human tissues. Ebola virus is mainly distributed in West Africa, Spain, Thailand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States (Becker et al., 2018; Wolfe et al., 2020). Marburg virus is mainly distributed in Germany, DRC, Angola, and Uganda.

Ebola affects people of any age, with more than 80% affecting adults between 21 and 60. Occupations with a high risk of Ebola virus infection include laboratory technicians, nurses, and physician assistants (Kellerborg et al., 2020; Arcos González et al., 2020). Marburg virus also affects individuals of all ages, with high cases in adults because they are physically active (Pawska et al., 2018; Burki, 2020). With the Marburg virus, the population at a higher risk are family members and hospital staff (Zehender et al., 2016). The purpose of the research study is to identify the comparison between Marburg and Ebola virus with respect to their epidemiology, etiology, and symptoms. It will explore the underlying reasons for the unprecedented outbreaks of these viruses. The paper uses ground theory to identify the need for public awareness on the effect of Ebola and the Marburg virus. The research hypothesis is Ebola and Marburg virus requires maximum attention.

Materials and Methods

The study makes use of research materials that were published from 2016 till date. The inclusion criteria focused on materials discussing epidemiology, etiology, symptoms or all the above topics on Ebola and Marburg virus. The articles not meeting the criteria were excluded from the research study. The materials selected were from every part of the world to ensure that the research study is able to incorporate all the available materials. The research study involved eight databases, including Publication Med, Open library, The free library, Science direct, Booksc, World public library, Google scholar, Digi library, and World Health Organization (WHO) publications. The search term used to retrieve research articles includes Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Comparison of Ebola and Marburg virus, and Ebola epidemiology. Other search terms are; Marburg epidemiology, Ebola etiology, Marburg etiology, Ebola symptoms, and Marburg symptoms.

After refining the search process, 300 articles were identified, 6 of which were duplicates and later removed. Three more sources were retrieved from the WHO publications, making 297 articles. The search strategy later focused on the abstract, and 261 articles were removed. The remaining 36 articles further underwent text screening leading to the elimination of 26 articles leaving the final articles to 10. The remaining articles were analyzed thoroughly, focusing on the concepts, similarities, and relationships between the article content.

References	Country	Key terms and concept	Findings
Li, Wen-Gang, Chen, Wei-Wei, Li, Lei, Ji, Dong, Ji, Ying-Jie, Li, Chen, Gao, Xu-Dong, Wang, Li-Fu, Zhao, Min, Duan, Xue-Zhang, Duan, Hui-Juan	Sierra Leone	Ebola etiology, epidemiology, and symptoms	Further research needs to be conducted on the etiology of Ebola
Nyakarahuka, Luke, Shoemaker, Trevor R., Balinandi, Stephen, Chemos, Godfrey, Kwesiga, Benon, Mulei, Sophia, Kyondo, Jackson, Tumusiime, Alex, Kofman, Aaron, Masiira, Ben, Whitmer, Shannon, Brown, She	Uganda	Epidemiology	Rapid identification of the virus epidemic is necessary to prevent the further spread of the virus.
Ndjoyi-Mbiguino, A.		Comparison of Ebola and Marburg virus	Ebola and Marburg Virus requires further vaccine research considering their spread is fast.
RistanoviÄ, Elizabeta S., KokoÅ¡kov, Nenad S., Crozier, Ian, Kuhn, Jens H., GligiÄ, Ana S.	Germany	Epidemiology and symptoms	The deadly nature of the Marburg virus in history and the need for further research on the virus.
Ikwaras Okware, Samuel		Epidemiology and etiology	Increased infection of Marburg and Ebola virus.
Kortepeter, Mark G, Dierberg, Kerry, Shenoy, Erica S, Cieslak, Theodore J, Bhadelia, Nahid, Cieslak, Theodore J, Davey, Richard T, Dierberg, Kerry, Evans, Jared D, Frank, Maria G, Grein, Jonathan, Kor		Epidemiology, symptoms, etiology	The virus is very infectious and requires careful handling.
Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ojwang, Joseph, Tumusiime, Alex, Balinandi, Stephen, Whitmer, Shannon, Kyazze, Simon, Kasozi, Sam, Wetaka, Milton, Makumbi, Issa, Dahlke, Melissa, Borchert, Jeff, Lutwama, Julius, S	Uganda	Epidemiology	The virus outbreak require fast containment as they are very challenging to control in large spread
Idowu, Abiodun Benjamin, Okafor, Ifeoma Peace, Oridota, Ezekiel Sofela, Okwor, Tochi Joy	Nigeria	Epidemiology	The virus infection requires maximum public attention to prevent the further spread of the virus.
Jacob, Shevin T., Crozier, Ian, Fischer, William A., Hewlett, Angela, Kraft, Colleen S., Vega, Marc-Antoine de La, Soka, Moses J., Wahl, Victoria, Griffiths, Anthony, Bollinger, Laura, Kuhn, Jens H.	Africa	Epidemiology and etiology	The outbreak of Ebola is very challenging and requires further input of research to handle future episodes.
Tuite, Ashleigh R, Watts, Alexander G, Khan, Kamran, Bogoch, Isaac I	Africa	Epidemiology	Ebola virus outbreak is an international matter that requires maximum attention because of the deadly nature of the virus.

References

A. Schwartz, D. (2020). Maternal Filovirus infection and death from Marburg and Ravn Viruses: Highly Lethal to Pregnant Women and Their Fetuses Similar to Ebola Virus. Emerging Challenges In Filovirus Infections, 1-17. Web.

Arcos González, P., Fernández Camporro, Á., Eriksson, A., & Alonso Llada, C. (2020). The epidemiological presentation pattern of Ebola virus disease outbreaks: Changes from 1976 to 2019. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 35(3), 247-253. Web.

Becker, S., Feldmann, H., Geisbert, T., & Kawaoka, Y. (2018). Marburg and Ebola viruses marking 50 years since their discovery. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 218(suppl_5), Si-Si. Web.

Burki, T. (2020). Ebola virus disease in DR Congo. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(4), 418-419. Web.

Idowu, A., Okafor, I., Oridota, E., & Okwor, T. (2020). Ebola virus disease in the eyes of a rural, agrarian community in Western Nigeria: a mixed method study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-9. Web.

Jacob, S. T., Crozier, I., Fischer, W. A., Hewlett, A., Kraft, C. S., Vega, M. D. L., Soka, M. J., Wahl, V., Griffiths, A., Bollinger, L. & Kuhn, J. H. (2020). Ebola virus disease. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 1-31. Web.

Kellerborg, K., Brouwer, W., & van Baal, P. (2020). Costs and benefits of early response in the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 18(1). Web.

Kortepeter, M., Dierberg, K., Shenoy, E., & Cieslak, T. (2020). Marburg virus disease: A summary for clinicians. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 99, 233-242. Web.

Li, W., Chen, W., Li, L., Ji, D., Ji, Y., Li, C., Gao, X., Wang, L., Zhao, M., Duan, X. & Duan, H. (2016). The etiology of Ebola virus disease-like illnesses in Ebola virus negative patients from Sierra Leone. Oncotarget, 7(19), 1-5. Web.

Ndjoyi-Mbiguino, A., Zoa-Assoumou, S., Mourembou, G., & Ennaji, M. (2020). Ebola and Marburg Virus: A Brief Review. Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens, 201-218. Web.

Nyakarahuka, L., Ojwang, J., Tumusiime, A., Balinandi, S., Whitmer, S., Kyazze, S., Kasozi, S., Wetaka, M., Makumbi, I., Dahlke, M., Borchert, J., Lutwama, J., Ströher, U., Rollin, P. E., Nichol, S. T. & Shoemaker, T. R. (2017). Isolated case of Marburg Virus disease, Kampala, Uganda, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(6), 1001-1004. Web.

Nyakarahuka, L., Shoemaker, T. R., Balinandi, S., Chemos, G., Kwesiga, B., Mulei, S., Kyondo, J., Tumusiime, A., Kofman, A., Masiira, B., Whitmer, S., Brown, S., Cannon, D., Chiang, C., Graziano, J., Morales-Betoulle, M., Patel, K., Zufan, S., Komakech, I., Natseri, N., Chepkwurui, P. M., Lubwama, B., Okiria, J., Kayiwa, J., Nkonwa, I. H., Eyu, P., Nakiire, L., Okarikod, E. C., Cheptoyek, L., Wangila, B. E., Wanje, M., Tusiime, P., Bulage, L., Mwebesa, H. G., Ario, A. R., Makumbi, I., Nakinsige, A., Muruta, A., Nanyunja, M., Homsy, J., Zhu, B., Nelson, L., Kaleebu, P., Rollin, P. E., Nichol, S. T., Klena, J. D. And Lutwama, J. J. (2019). Marburg virus disease outbreak in Kween District Uganda, 2017: Epidemiological and laboratory findings. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(3), 3-19. Web.

Pawska, J., Jansen van Vuren, P., Kemp, A., Storm, N., Grobbelaar, A., & Wiley, M. et al. (2018). Marburg virus Infection in Egyptian rousette bats, South Africa, 201320141. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(6), 1134-1137. Web.

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Ristanovi, E., Kokoakov, N., Crozier, I., Kuhn, J., & Gligi, A. (2020). A forgotten episode of Marburg Virus disease: Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1967. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 84(2), 1-22. Web.

Selvaraj, S., Lee, K., Harrell, M., Ivanov, I., & Allegranzi, B. (2018). Infection Rates and Risk Factors for Infection among Health Workers during Ebola and Marburg Virus Outbreaks: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 218(5), 679-689. Web.

Singh, R. K., Dhama, K., Malik, Y. S., Ramakrishnan, M. A., Karthik, K., Khandia, R., Tiwari, R., Munjal, A., Saminathan, M., Sachan, S., Desingu, P. A., Kattoor, J. J., Iqbal, H. M. & Joshi, S. K. (2017). Ebola virus epidemiology, diagnosis, and control: threat to humans, lessons learnt, and preparedness plans an update on its 40 years journey. Veterinary Quarterly, 37(1), 98-135. Web.

Tuite, A., Watts, A., Khan, K., & Bogoch, I. (2019). Ebola virus outbreak in North Kivu and Ituri provinces, Democratic Republic of Congo, and the potential for further transmission through commercial air travel. Journal of Travel Medicine, 26(7), 2-6. Web.

Wolfe, D., Taylor, M., & Zarrabian, A. (2020). Lessons learned from Zaire ebolavirus to help address urgent needs for vaccines against Sudan ebolavirus and Marburg virus. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(11), 2855-2860. Web.

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