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Organizational Culture, Structure, and Leadership in the 21st Century
International as well as local companies of the 21st century have to change their missions, organizational culture, structure, power division, reward system, and leadership styles. These changes are unavoidable if the companies want to remain competitive in a global rapidly-changing market. As the world becomes more and more interconnected and interrelated, the business environment dictates new rules and creates new challenges for multinational corporations.
Environmental issues such as increasing pollution and global warming pose ethical dilemmas for leaders who have responsibility to maintain culturally tolerant working environments for employees all over the world and to ensure safe working conditions. Competitive and efficient organization of the 21st century promotes integrity, cooperation, teamwork, support, participative leadership, tolerance, informal organization structure, and performance-based reward system.
Vision and value statements define how people interact with each other as well as set the direction on how to treat customers and the internal community. According to the research, the top values in terms of popularity are professionalism, diligence, integrity, cooperation, and good humor; while the least popular personal values are competition and stability (Hyde & Williamson 2000). Vision, as the statement of what the organization would like to become, holds all employees proud and excited for being part of the company and, therefore, should reflect the personal values of employees. Effective vision strengthens an organizations image from inside (employees) and outside (customers, suppliers).
Vision of the international company has to shape and provide direction of the companys future. For example, international company of the 21st century might have the following value statement: To provide all people with the access to quality and safe products despite of their income . The mission statement might be the following: To ensure integrity among employees and customers, to promote credibility of products and services, and to maintain flexibility of operations.
The issue of organization culture is highly important for companies operating in the 21st century. Organizational culture is vital for successful organizational change and maximization of human capital potential. In addition, culture management has become a critical managerial competency. The right working culture is an essential condition for organizational success. Managers of international business units are responsible for development of the most effective culture even if the change is required. Ideal new multinational company has to reflect appreciation of integrity, collaboration, loyalty, diversity, tolerance, as well as include fundamental values and behavioral norms. In particular, discrimination and prejudice of any form are totally eliminated.
Unlike traditional strong organizational culture which stressed commitment, solidarity, identity, and sameness, new companies are oriented on responsiveness, cooperation, focus on performance, and diversity. As Kathryn Baker (2002) has noted, the mission hypothesis and participation hypothesis are more relevant to the new business environment.
For example, mission hypothesis is based on the idea that shared mission, purpose, direction, and strategy coordinate and direct employees towards collective goals; while participation hypothesis promotes the idea that involvement of all employees contributes to the sense of responsibility and, therefore, ensures loyalty and commitment. New company integrates organizational culture which promotes responsibility, is focused on loyalty, and establishes open informal cooperation and participative leadership. It means that organizational structure is decentralized.
Companies of the 21st century have decentralized organization and establish participative managerial practices. While formal communication is preserved as essential element of documentation and subordination, informal communication is promoted to motivate cooperation among employees and to ensure sharing of ideas. Hierarchical structure with bosses at the top and everyone else beneath them (Willax 2001) is not longer acceptable. Employees are not treated as impersonal human machines. Maximum control does not ensure the best use of talented and increasingly expensive human resources. Informal communication channels are established by the people who are involved in organizational processes at all levels. Flexibility gives employees an opportunity to determine their own channels of communication. Moreover, self-organization is encouraged and layers of management disappear.
Organizational structure is based on the pie-share model (Willax 2001) under which leaders and employees are encouraged to participate freely, to share ideas, suggestions, as well as criticism and responsibility. New companies create favorable environment promoting efficaciously mobilized groups of employees able to meet the set objectives and highly adaptable to changes. Reactions and actions are mostly spontaneous and employees are empowered to act as needed immediately to accomplish the mission. Liberalization of organization structure is inclined to experiment, innovation, ingenuity, and creativity.
New organizations streamline and simplify line-management and vertical structures and the roles of line managers are narrowed (Bryan & Joyce 2005). Teams consisting of representatives of several lines are created to discover opportunities and ensure dynamic management processes. Knowledge and talent marketplaces are developed to stimulate exchange of professional employees. The company becomes more reliant on performance measures rather than supervision to stimulate self-motivated and self-directed individuals. New organizational structure supports clarity of reporting relationships, responsibility and accountability of the line managers who ensure that short-term expectations are met. Multilayer tasks (development and launching of the new products or redesigning fundamental technology) are carried out by small groups of focused individuals who are granted freedom to innovate, discover something new, and try recent developments (Bryan & Joyce 2005).
New leadership philosophy is integrated: shared leadership, leadership in community, and leadership as relationship (Sandmann & Vandenberg 1995). Shared leadership is distributed and group-centered. Under participative leadership, every employee has an opportunity to participate in decision making process. Leadership in community puts community as the setting in which the leadership occurs.
The shift from competition towards cooperation is made. Companies are open to practice new ways of relations and promote sharing of such values as trust, tolerance, and commitment. Leadership as relationships is built upon the concept of partnership, participation, service, and empowerment. Thus, leadership of the new companies is holistic, centered in groups, with community being the driving force, and vision being the heart of leadership. New companies are evolving from individual-centered leadership approach to a collective-centered one focused on building productive and motivating relationships.
Successful leader is insightful, challenge-oriented, and decisive. He identifies business opportunities prior to competitors and analyzes informational in all possible directions. He is passionate about achieving the goal and is willing to attack competition and is devoted to continuous self-improvement (Tice 2007). New leaders are adaptable and are willing to help organization to develop capacity to adapt as well. They are self-aware and tackle the challenges within and outside of their organizations. Leader assumes responsibility for fulfillment of organizational goals and is ready to share decision making process with others.
New leaders promote purposefulness and have a strong vision of companys direction. Leader is decisive and collaborative. He desires to reach consensus and make the best possible decision as well as creates organizational culture that fosters sharing of ideas. New leader encourages innovation and creativity. Finally, leaders of the 21st century are capable of setting a vision and developing execution plan to reach the desired results.
The leader understands that effective people management is the source of competitive advantage and works on integration of human management and business strategy. As the result, the traditional reward systems are replaced with the innovative ones. In particular, new reward systems are based on employees contribution (Chen & Hsieh, 2006), competency and performance. Skills, knowledge, and abilities determine the reward of every employee.
The pay is influenced by the competencies required to perform the duties successfully and to run the company. Rewarding for performance, productivity and accomplishment holds employees responsible for specific objectives. Reward system combines variable pay, recognition, celebration, and benefits as vital elements of total reward package. Effective reward tools include training opportunities, development opportunities, recognition vehicles, flexible schedules, and caring messages to employees (Chen & Hsieh, 2006).
References
Baker, K. (2002). Organizational Culture, Chapter 11. Web.
Chen, H.M. & Hsieh, Y.H. (2006). Key Trends of the Total Reward System in the 21st Century. Compensation Benefits Review, 38 (64).
Hyde, P. & Williamson, B. (2000). The Importance of Organizational Values. Focus on Change Management, 67, 9-13.
Lowell, B. & Joyce, C. (2005). The 21st-Century Organization. Big corporations must make sweeping organizational changes to get the best from their professionals. The McKinsey Quarterly. Web.
Sandmann, L. & Vandenberg, L. (1995). A Framework for 21st Century Leadership. Journal of Extension, 33 (6). Web.
Tice, C. (2007). Building the 21st Century Leader. Entrepreneur Magazine. Web.
Willax, P. (2001). Fluid is the world in the 21st century organizational structure. Business First of Louisville Journal.
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