Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Various Populations

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Various Populations

Creech, S., & Misca, G. (2017). Parenting with PTSD: A review of research on the influence of PTSD on parent-child functioning in military and veteran families. Frontiers in Psychology. Web.

In this article, Creech and Misca write about how posttraumatic stress disorder affects both parents and children of war veterans. The written piece contains contents of studies and research that have been done with regards to the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in the families of war veterans. Soldiers who come from international wars have PTSD from the events and circumstances of the war. PTSD affects veteran parents, and this condition may also impact their children directly, and as a result, the children may also fall into depression. According to the studies carried out, it has also been established that PTSD has an influence on the functioning of war veteran families. This article is important in establishing the major effects of PTSD on families.

Duckers, M., Alisic, E., & Brewin, C. (2018). A vulnerability paradox in the cross-national prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 300305. Web.

In this article, Duckers and Brewin examine whether the national posttraumatic stress disorder rates can be related to the proportions of exposure to trauma and a countrys socioeconomic and cultural vulnerability to adversity. Through their studies, the authors find out that PTSD is positively related to exposure but negatively related to a countrys susceptibility to instability. Therefore, a countrys higher level of susceptibility translates to a decreased risk of PTSD to its citizens. This article will be useful in explaining how a countrys stability relates to the prevalence of PTSD in the nation.

DSM-5 Criteria for PTSD. (2018). Brainline. Web.

This article looks at the American Psychiatric Association revision of the PTSD diagnostic criteria. This was the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). PTSD was included as part of a new category in the DSM-5, Trauma and Stressor Related disorder. The article goes further to provide the criterion for the diagnosis of PTSD. The relevance of this article will be in explaining the methods used in the diagnosis of PTSD in my paper.

Feduccia, A. A., Mithoefer, M. C., Jerome, L., Holland, J., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2018). Response to the consensus statement of the PTSD psychopharmacology working group. Biological Psychiatry, 84(2), e21-e22. Web.

This article is a response to the consensus statement of the PTSD psychopharmacology working group. The authors research pointed out some of the barriers to the interpretation of a wide range of PTSD research into operative pharmacological approaches. The article covers a number of points that the research missed. These were crucial and vital points to be included in the research. This source will help me to explain how PTSD has not been given much focus, and this has affected its treatment.

Henkelmann, J. R., de Best, S., Deckers, C., Jensen, K., Shahab, M., Elzinga, B., & Molendijk, M. (2020). Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees-resettling in high-income countries: systematic-review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open, 6(4) 17. Web.

This article closely looks at the meta-analysis of the rate of PTSD among refugees in their new countries of residence. According to the studies and research done, refugees go through many traumatizing circumstances while they are in their countries. They further face loneliness, joblessness and poverty in new countries of refuge that further expose them to PTSD. There are, therefore, high chances of these refugees suffering from PTSD. This article will come in handy in my literature review explaining the plight of refugees and how their situation predisposes them to PTSD.

Krystal, J. H., Davis, L. L., Neylan, T. C., Raskind, M. A., Schnurr, P. P., Stein, M. B., & Huang, G. D. (2017). It is time to address the pharmacotherapy crisis of post-traumatic stress disorder: A consensus statement of the PTSD psychopharmacology working group. Biological Psychiatry, 82(7), e51-e59. Web.

This article is a consensus statement of the Psychopharmacology working group. In this statement, the authors identify that there is an urgent need to address the lack of psychopharmacological treatment of PTSD. The effects of untreated PTSD are immense, and it is an issue to be addressed. The morbidity and mortality of PTSD according to the article have been further increased by its disruptions in family, workplace, and societal contexts. This article is important in explaining some of the challenges that exist while treating PTSD.

Lehavot, K., Katon, J. G., Chen, J. A., Fortney, J. C., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Post-traumatic-stress-disorder by gender and veteran status. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(1), e1-e9. Web.

In this article, the authors explore the prevalence of PTSD among different populations. They compare this prevalence between genders and veterans. The article also shows the way gender and veteran factors affect the treatment of PTSD. Results of these research studies have been presented and discussed in this article. The article outlines the different ways through which gender and violence influence the prevalence of PTSD in a population, and this will be important in literature review to explain the relationship between gender, violence, and PTSD prevalence.

Luftman, K., Aydelotte, J., Rix, K., Ali, S., Houck, K., Coopwood, T. B., & Davis, M. (2017). PTSD in those who care for the injured. Injury, 48(2), 293-296. Web.

The authors of this article explore the experiment done to determine the level of PTSD occurrence as seen in those people who care for injured patients. These people have been ignored and their PTSD issues have been neglected. These people suffer from PTSD given the nature of their work. They, therefore, deserve to be treated with care and their PTSD situation handled effectively. Individuals who take care of injured patients experience many traumatic episodes, and consequently are most likely to experience PTSD. This article is significant in explaining the exposure levels to PTSD of those who take care of the injured.

Pan, X., Kaminga, A. C., Wen, S. W., & Liu, A. (2018). Catecholamines in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 11, 114. Web.

This article is about the relationship between PTSD and the levels of production of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and catecholamine. The study aimed to see if with PTSD the concentrations of these chemicals increased in the body. The study was conducted among a given population. The meta-analytical results showed that there was significantly a high concentration of norepinephrine in individuals with PTSD. Physiological effects of PTSD in my literature review are well explained in this article.

Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating PTSD: A Review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 120. Web.

The authors of this article mainly discuss PTSD and its treatment. In their article, they give evidence that psychological treatments for PTSD exist. The article also reviews the other possible treatment methods for PTSD that might exist. Treatment guidelines for PTSD should be followed strictly. The advantages and disadvantages of the various treatment methods should also be established for clarity. This article will be a significant resource in my literature review capturing the topic on the treatment of PTSD.

Van Etten, M., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A metaanalysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5(3), 126-144. Web.

Van Etten and Taylor explore the meta-analysis experiment behind the discovery of PTSD treatment. Various treatment methods and strategies were tested. The best method according to the article was the Psychological therapy treatment. It had the best turnover result in terms of recoveries. This article will be important in explaining the various treatment methods for PTSD.

Shapiro, F. (1989). Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20(3), 211-217. Web.

In this article, Shapiro explores the new method of treating PTSD that has been introduced recently. The author explores and describes the saccadic eye movements as a new method of treating PTSD. The method, however, can only be effective if used once and not repeatedly. This will be useful in my literature review to explain further on the treatment methods for PTSD.

Braquehais, M., & Sher, L. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder in war veterans: A Discussion of the Neuroevolutionary time-depth principle. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1-3), 1-9. Web.

The article is an experimental study conducted in order to determine the relationship between violence and combat and PTSD. According to the findings, individuals exposed to the Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle of innate fears, suffer from PTSD. Treatment should be given to such individuals to help them recover. The article will be useful in explaining the effects of PTSD on veterans, and how they can be treated.

Bisson, J. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder. British Medical Journal, 334. Web.

In this article, Bisson tries to give a vivid description of PTSD. He gives a timeline to when it was first classified as a diagnosable psychiatric disorder. This was in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). Exploration of tests to identify PTSD is also discussed in the article. This article helps explore the nature, and the major causes and effects of PTSD in the public. This article will be of importance when explaining what PTSD is and how it has affected people.

Helzer, J., Robins, L., & McEvoy, L. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. The New England Journal of Medicine. Web.

This article presents report findings about PTSD in the public domain. PTSD has been studied among war veterans and trauma victims and not the public. This article explores the experiment done to discover the prevalence of PTSD among the public. The results show that PTSD is prevalent among the general public; however, great concern has not been shown. This article helps to explain the prevalence of PTSD in the public, and how much the problem is ignored or unnoticed.

References

Bisson, J. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder. British Medical Journal, 334.

Braquehais, M., & Sher, L. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder in war veterans: A Discussion of the Neuroevolutionary time-depth principle. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1-3), 1-9.

Creech, S., & Misca, G. (2017). Parenting with PTSD: A review of research on the influence of PTSD on parent-child functioning in military and veteran families. Frontiers in Psychology.

Duckers, M., Alisic, E., & Brewin, C. (2018). A vulnerability paradox in the cross-national prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 300305.

DSM-5 Criteria for PTSD. (2018). Brainline.

Feduccia, A. A., Mithoefer, M. C., Jerome, L., Holland, J., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2018). Response to the consensus statement of the PTSD psychopharmacology working group. Biological Psychiatry, 84(2), e21-e22.

Helzer, J., Robins, L., & McEvoy, L. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. The New England Journal of Medicine.

Henkelmann, J. R., de Best, S., Deckers, C., Jensen, K., Shahab, M., Elzinga, B., & Molendijk, M. (2020). Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees-resettling in high-income countries: systematic-review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open, 6(4) 17.

Krystal, J. H., Davis, L. L., Neylan, T. C., Raskind, M. A., Schnurr, P. P., Stein, M. B., & Huang, G. D. (2017). It is time to address the pharmacotherapy crisis of post-traumatic stress disorder: A consensus statement of the PTSD psychopharmacology working group. Biological Psychiatry, 82(7), e51-e59.

Luftman, K., Aydelotte, J., Rix, K., Ali, S., Houck, K., Coopwood, T. B., & Davis, M. (2017). PTSD in those who care for the injured. Injury, 48(2), 293-296.

Pan, X., Kaminga, A. C., Wen, S. W., & Liu, A. (2018). Catecholamines in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 11, 114.

Shapiro, F. (1989). Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20(3), 211-217.

Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating PTSD: A Review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 120.

Van Etten, M., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A metaanalysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5(3), 126-144. Web.

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