1. At what stage of human development was the client (Erickson's Stages of Deve

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1. At what stage of human development was the client (Erickson’s Stages of Development)?
– Alex was in the adolescence stage, specifically in Erikson’s “Identity vs. Role Confusion” stage. This period is characterized by teenagers exploring different roles and ideas to develop a personal identity (Erikson, 1968).
2. What were the bio-psychosocial spiritual factors that may have informed your understanding of the client and their conflict/issue?
– Bio-psychosocial spiritual factors included Alex’s biological changes during puberty, psychological struggles with self-esteem, social challenges like peer pressure, and spiritual questions about purpose and meaning. Alex’s family history of mental health issues, economic struggles, and cultural background also played significant roles in shaping their experiences and conflicts (Engel, 1977; Koenig, 2012).
3. Incorporate Kohlberg’s stages of moral development to further describe what ‘knowledge’ you may have about the client’s moral development.
– Alex was in Kohlberg’s “Conventional Level” of moral development, particularly in the “Interpersonal Relationships” stage. At this stage, Alex’s moral reasoning was heavily influenced by social relationships and the desire to be seen as a good person by peers and family (Kohlberg, 1981). Factors such as Alex’s race, gender, economic status, and mental health issues informed the understanding of Alex’s moral development and the pressures they faced.
4. How did this mistaken use of values for knowledge or knowledge for values interfere with the outcome of your intervention?
– Initially, there was a mistaken use of values for knowledge. The assumption was that Alex’s academic struggles were due to a lack of effort, which reflected a value placed on academic
success. This overlooked deeper psychological and social issues, leading to an intervention focused too much on academic performance rather than addressing Alex’s self-esteem and identity issues (Schön, 1983).
5. Was there a dysfunctional outcome?
– Yes, the initial intervention did not yield positive results. Alex felt misunderstood and unsupported, which further exacerbated their struggles with identity and self-esteem.
References
– Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. *Science, 196*(4286), 129-136.
– Erikson, E. H. (1968). *Identity: Youth and crisis*. Norton.
– Kohlberg, L. (1981). *Essays on moral development: Vol. I. The philosophy of moral development*. Harper & Row.
– Koenig, H. G. (2012). *Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications*. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012.
-Reamer, F.G. (2006). *Social work values and ethics*. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
-Schön, D. A. (1983). *The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action*. Basic Books.

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